Emphasis Fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Emphasis Fiction - Essay Example Narrative voice used in the selection is a clear demonstration of the qualities passed by the main character who is the narrator (Gilbert 1158). Through the tone and diction contained within this narrative voice, it is obvious in this story that Sammy is in his teens and his having a mature observation of women. It is significant to know that the A&P story is written in the first person and the narrator is an objective; this simply shows that the narrator relies on personal observation and does not know what actually goes on in the mind of the others. Sammy is also seen as a participant narrator since he is also in the story that he is telling. Since Sammy is restrained in this particular manner, he can easily be believed, and the readers can also relate with him without any hindrance (Gilbert 1158). Moreover, since he is present in person, he is a dependable source of information for the readers. The simple manner in which Sammy is portrayed in the story coupled with his plain existence proposes the idea that every man has some complexity that lies in the mind. The story was published in 1953, following the permanent move of Flannery OConnor to Andalusia who the diary firm of her mother. The story makes an illustration of the various themes and techniques that characterized the distinctive OConnor story. There is characterization in this story. The tools of characterization include actions, clothing, family life, speech and dialogue as well as thoughts and opinions (Flannery 4). In the context of actions, it is the way sense is made for the minor characters and they say a lot in the story. The kids in the story say nasty things to the strangers and grandmother and consequently through a fantastic tantrum to ensure that their Bailey takes them to the particular plantation house. Baileys appears to loose his temper and fond of clenching the jaw and also saying shut up. However, the wife of Bailey says and does nothing apart from attending to the baby.

The Impact of the War on Drugs on Puerto Ricans Essay

The Impact of the War on Drugs on Puerto Ricans - Essay Example The majority of Puerto Rican immigrants live in New York City, a circumstance that can be traced to post-World War II economic development programs, which ensured Puerto Rico's economic and political dependence on the U.S. It has and continues to have a colonial status with the United States. Crime in the Latino community, and specifically in Puerto Rico, has created a legacy of poverty, unemployment, and lack of education for the population, accelerated by drug prohibition. In 1994, the murder rate in Puerto Rico was the highest in the western hemisphere, with 73 percent classified by the police as "drug related." The article states the tendency among Latinos to follow overall trends throughout the U.S. with alcohol and cigarettes consumed far more than all illegal drugs combined. Nevertheless, the treatment of Latinos is unequal with a greater number of arrests in Latino neighborhoods. The high number of young people incarcerated has a negative effect on the lives of families and neighborhoods. In addition, the war on drugs focuses on Latino gangs in New York City and Puerto Rico, with the Kings and Queens and the Netas of particular interest to law enforcement. The article further states that the war on drugs has acted as a catalyst to the AIDS epidemic. AIDS is the leading cause of death among young adult Latinos in the United States and more than half are injection-related. In addition, people who live both on the island of Puerto Rico and in the United States have a much higher incidence of injection-related AIDS than do other Latino groups living in the United States.The relationship of the United States to Latin America and the Caribbean has been characterized as neocolonialism and is often considered a humanitarian gesture. However, rather than help them gain self-sufficiency, it becomes a means by which the United States government has exerted economic and political control. This is a long-term situation. By the 1960s, a period of great experimentation with drugs, the war on drugs shifted from federal to state and local bodies. However, when the Knapp Commission of 1968 convened and police corruption made headlines across the nation, the police took a hands-off policy and looked to the cartel lords. This policy allowed drug distribution organizations to build empires in neighborhoods no longer the focus of police. In Puerto Rico, the war on drugs followed in U.S. footsteps due to its continuing colonial status. Summary Barrios and Curtis (1998) make it very clear that only with legalization of all personality-enhancing drugs, along with alcohol and cigarettes, can a solution to the drug problem be found. By focusing on Puerto Rican immigrants in the United States, specifically in New York City, as well as those on the island of Puerto Rico, and continuing with a case study of a specific family, showing the way in which desperate needs bring about desperate means, these two authors show how the present system of laws against drugs accelerate rather than resolve the problem. In describing the Santuree family, the authors offered a microcosm of the drug problem within the experiences of one dysfunctional family, which shows clearly how the problems were escalated by poverty, unemployment, lack of medical care, lack of suitable housing, and ultimately following the apparent economic promise of drug dealing and the resulting

Coâ€occurring Disorders and Their Impact on Addiction

Co–occurring Disorders and Their Impact on Addiction Deborah A. Young Introduction Comorbidity, is a part of the addiction that is widely overlooked by counselors and those that treat the addicted persons. Meaning that it is more than likely not treated, mainly in part due to the lack of properly trained professionals that can recognize as Capuzzi Stauffer put it, for a client to present with a single addiction, without a coexisting addiction or addictions, or coexisting psychiatric disorders would be the exception rather than the rule. Keywords: Comorbidity, Addiction, Treatment, Substance Abuse Most persons that have been diagnosed with critical mental illness issues are also substance abusers. Alcohol and drugs exacerbate the levels of the mental illness, mainly because a person uses any mind altering substance has a sensitivity to the substance of choice, most with mental illness use different substances to self medicate and/or deal with different situations and symptoms. This is not what one would want to do because it is a temporary fix at best, and it leaves the client looking for and wanting the same effects that brought them to the point of abusing the substance in the first place. Co – Occurring Disorders Persons with co – occurring disorder main interference with treatment is their feelings, meaning the types of behaviors that lead up to their addictions. In Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) series No. 43 it states These symptoms may indicate either underlying co-occurring disorders that would be present regardless of substance use (i.e. Independent or primary disorders). Identifiable co- occurring disorders may be identified at the time of admission to an OTP and it is possible or the disorders to present themselves during MAT (medication assisted treatment). The MAT providers must be able to tell the difference between those with co-occurring disorders and be able to know the type and be exact with their diagnosis if not addressed in the right manner, this could cause problems and hinder the client recovery and could as well cause major setbacks in the recovery of the client. The need for a precise assessment of the disorder and a timely intervention with the right thera pies in place, both psychiatric and therapy for substance abuse, will help the professional as well as the client to give and have a more effective treatment plan. Symptoms Psychology Today says, Substance abuse is, a maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the repeated use of substances. Individuals who abuse substances may experience such harmful consequences of substance use as repeated failure to fulfill roles for which they are responsible, legal difficulties, or social and interpersonal problems. It is important to note that the chronic use of an illicit drug still constitutes a significant issue for treatment even when it does not meet the criteria for substance abuse. (Saxon Calsyn, 1995). Symptomatic relapse, hospitalizations, financial problems, social isolation, family problems, homelessness, suicide, violence, and some not always talked about schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. There are many more that can and will complicate the treatment of a co-occurring disorder, if misdiagnosed and the professionals are not aware or are un- learned in dealing with those that are not just addicted but suffering from co-occurring disorders. It is important that the professional that is going to treat this type of addict, must be familiar with the signs and symptoms of one with co – occurring disorders, treatment is much more challenging than that of the addict that does not suffer from this type of disorder. The Ritual Stage of Addiction. The ritual stage of addiction is perhaps the most dangerous part of addiction, to the health of the addict causes physical harm as well as having a great impact on their psychological well being. After all addictions are a behavior so to try to stop an addiction one faces many challenges. The ritual stage is where the user uses a process to obtain, use and react to their drug of choice. This is the point where the addict becomes fully consumed in his/her addiction and the things that are related to their abuse. Obtaining, using, and responding which turns into a habitual cycle, which becomes repetitious this is the way that the addict achieves their psychological satisfaction. Clear understanding of the ritual and the reasons why to end the rituals, and that is best done when the addict is no longer psychologically dependant on the substance and all dependence to the drug and its effects are no longer present the person can then move ahead in their quest for sobriety. Addiction is addiction, it doesnt matter what it is, sex, gambling, eating, all of these have the same common premise and that is to make the body or mind feel better, to mask whatever pain exist, or to better (so they think), deal with the problems they are facing. Which does not the source of addiction important, but the mind set of the person that is important and the reasoning behind using. Impact of Addiction in Society. Most, in fact, all that are addicted have a negative impact on society as a whole, from higher crime rates, to the families that are broken and lost. There is a high toll on those that the addict comes into contact with. The family suffers because they have to learn to live with the addict they have to basically change their lifestyles to accommodate the addict as well as the family unit suffers financially, the love is gone and the selfish ways take over and leave his family struggling to deal with the aftermath of the addicted persons behavior. The public as a whole feels the wrath of the addict through the penal system this not only causes the community pain because of the actions of the addict, some steal and violate homes to achieve what they need in order to obtain the high that they are looking for, in turn they are punished with jail, most are indigent and therefore, in order for them to be in the system the state and taxpayers must pay for their care and their time that they must stay incarcerated, and most do not receive any types of treatment which means they come back out without the proper resources and go right back to what they were doing that got them there in the first place.The work place would also have negative impact, addiction in the workplace is more common place than realiazed, nurses and doctors for instance, this is a recipie for danger and disaster, they impact the medical field negatively because after all you go to them for help. According to NBC News.com Doctors and Nurses go for years under he radar and are treating patients as they are under the influence of the very drugs they prescribe to the patients that need them (Magrath, 2010). It’s a dangerous and scary thought that the person you trust to treat you may just be addicted to drugs and or alcohol. References Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Addiction in Opioid Treatment Programs. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2005. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 43.) Chapter 12. Treatment of Co-Occurring Disorders. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64163/M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, McGrath, T. (Writer) (2010). Addicted Docs Put Patients in Peril [Television series episode]. In Mens Health. New York, NY: NBC. Retrieved from http://www.nbcnews.com Saxon, A., Calsyn, D. (1995). Effects of psychiatric care for dual diagnosis patients treated in a drug dependence clinic. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. , 21(03), 303-313. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/

The Importance of a Classical Education :: Teaching Education Philosophy

The Importance of a Classical Education This essay will attempt to answer three questions; what is classical education, why is it necessary in our day and what are its benefits? The word "classical" or "classic" is used in many contexts and often without specific meaning: Classic Coke, classical music, classic rock; however, classical usually means something that through time for various reasons has been proven worthy of our respect and interest. In music, the work of certain composers has been recognized as worth saving while that of others, even though perhaps popular in its own time, has been tossed aside to the dust-bin of history. The same is true of books; some books are more worthy of study than others because of the profundity and clarity with which they express the ideas that they contain. The study of the great books has been the backbone of good education for centuries. If you look at the books read by the intellectual giants of our culture, you find that there are particular books that come up again and again. These books were required of most schoolboys until the rise of Dewey and the democratization of education through the public school system. The public school system saw these books as elitist and not easily comprehensible by the masses and therefore not appropriate for public education. Another influence contributing to the demise of the great books was the demoralization of the Christian intellectual community. Most of the institutions of learning in this country were founded by Christians who saw it as their duty to conquer the intellectual arena for Christ. However, since the rise of secularism and especially since the humiliating defeat that biblical Christians saw at the Scope's Trial, the evangelical community has been in full retreat from the intellectual arena. Before the turn of the century, most institutions of learning were dominated by those who thought from a biblical worldview; however, this consensus quickly began to crumble and in 1925 at the Scope's Trial, through the public humiliation of William Jennings Bryan's creationism, academia as well as the general culture came to hold biblical Christianity as unworthy of intellectual regard. Even though the trial was in no way a rigorous debate of the creation issue, its effect on the Christian intellectu al community was nothing short of disastrous. From that point on Christians felt as though the intellectual community had humiliated them and, to return the favor, they abandoned the intellectual community in droves.

Workbook Role of the Health and Social Care Worker

Following extensive consultation with the public, the Department of Health published in 2007 the seven outcomes that people expect from their health and adult social care services. These are – Improved health and emotional well-being; Improved quality of life; Making positive contribution; Increased choice and control; Freedom from discrimination and harassment; Economic well-being; and Maintaining personal dignity and respect The role of the worker can be identified as: Assessment Skills usually the care plan. The aim of the care plan is to assess the needs and risks of the person concerned and make appropriate plans Reviewing/ Evaluating Skills Is a continual process as people's needs and wants change.You will be able to check / measure that the care plan objectives are being met by setting target dates to evaluate what the person has been able to achieve and what needs to be adapted in the care plan and objectives Listening Skills Listening is an important part of communica ting with others. To listen implies that the listener hears, pays attention to and responds to the person. Negotiating Ski ASS The purpose of negotiation is to resolve situations where conflicts have arisen. The aim of a win-win negotiation is to find a solution that is acceptable to both parties and leaves all involved feeling that they have won – in some way – once the negotiation has finished. It is important that the most vocal do not always have their way. Recording Skills Making notes, writing reports, emails, Effective Communication Most communication is non-verbal.People can read visual clues and rely on instinct even if you say the opposite, so if a service user asks you a question, e honest -? your body language will reveal the truth. Team Work Team work is essential in social and health work practice. No one can support someone effectively without others. There is no ‘I' in team Technical Skills These can range from using computers to craft work. Work practice can vary, you need to be flexible and constantly willing to learn Research Skills These skills are increasingly important. You will need them to continually develop your learning Organizational Skills A disorganized person may be creative but will not get very far if they miss the deadline (and visit time) or do not complete the work PersonalPresentation People do judge by first appearances! Always dress appropriately for work and be clean and tidy 4222-206/1 – Understand working relationships in Health and Social Care The working relationships between care staff and the people who they provide care for is critical for their health and wellbeing – Relationships come in very different shapes and sizes. There are relationships between friends, family members, colleagues in outside organizations and the professional relationship between colleagues and service users. The relationship between a worker and a service user should be a supportive professional relations hip. What does this mean?What are the differences between the personal relationships you have with close personal friends & family and those relationships you have with those people you provide care for and other professionals you work with. In some instances the relationships can be quite similar in that they involve helpfulness and working together. In a professional relationship you have a task/goal (I. E. Providing personal care etc. ) that you are working together to complete and achieve. In a personal relationship the ultimate goal is happiness and building that spiritual connection between yourself and your significant other. This is a topic you should discuss with others and relates mainly to what can be seen as the boundaries that you should not cross.The codes of practice for Social Care workers provides a list of statements that describes the standards of professional conduct and practice required for social care workers as they go about their daily work: Social Care work ers must: Protect the rights and promote the interests of service users and careers Strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence Of service users and careers Promote the independence of service users whilst seeking to ensure hat their behavior does not harm themselves or other people Uphold public trust and confidence in social care services; and Be accountable for the quality of their work and take responsibility for maintaining and improving their knowledge and skills. Developing Relationships The first step in developing effective working relationships is identifying those people who you are dependent on to get your work done and those who are dependent on you. Where you are dependent on each other this is called interdependence. Working on these relationships will give you a big return as there is the likelihood that support provided will be reciprocated.Developing good working relationships relies on a number of things Good effective communication – an abili ty and willingness to talk and to listen with an open mind, what another person says if generally what they believe to be true, if you disagree ask questions to clarify Trust – This is crucial in developing long term relationships, how far do you trust the other person and what will need to happen or not happen for this to be developed? Mutual Expectations – What are the expectations each person has about the relationship, what mutual goals and targets does each person have? 4222-206/2 – Work in ways that are agreed with the employer In order to ensure that your employer is able to deliver the service they have agreed with the service user it is important that you understand what is expected of you. At evidence reference 2 you are asked to review your role and responsibilities and the policies and procedures which you need to operate by.Your employer is expected to: Provide flexible, personalized and responsive service Put people at the centre of everything you do Have high levels of specialist expertise and customer satisfaction Invest time in recruiting the right people for the right jobs Provide extensive staff training and support. If you feel that any Of the above is not in place which is inhibiting you doing your job you should talk to your employer to discuss how improvements can be made. Once set of guidelines that we can follow to guide the way we work is our values: Values guide your work, relationships and life. Values are a person's principles, beliefs or standards by which they live. They would consider these to be priorities for them in their lives, e. G. Pending time with people, being honest, being punctual, being conscientious, assisting people who are in difficulties etc. Everyone has different and attitudes which ill be important to them depending on their background and upbringing. We are not born with values/attitudes but acquire them throughout our childhood, I. E. Through school, friends, family peer group etc. Throu gh our life experiences we are more than likely to change our values. For example, we may have been brought up in a strict religious household taking on those values but as we grow and mature and think about those particular values we may not want them for our lives in the future and take on other values.On the other hand we may prefer to live by those particular values – We all have o make these sorts of choices / decisions for our lives. Enabling service users to make a choice for their lives means putting the Health and Social Care Values into action. As workers everything we do is influenced by our own values. There are a number of Health and Social Care Values detailed below which you must adhere to, if any of your own values conflict with these it is important that you do not allow these to influence how you work. If you have conflicting values take an opportunity to talk to you manager and / or colleagues to find out how these can be reconciled. Health and Social Care Values Value What this means IndividualityNeeds of service users should be tailored specifically for their circumstances / needs / wants / dreams / aspirations, for example, if a person requires a particular meal associated with their beliefs these should be provided. However do not make assumptions always check. Identity Recognize that service users have their own opinions / thoughts / views about things. They will have had many life experiences and these should be acknowledged and valued Rights and Responsibilities Each service user has rights for example to attend their own place of worship, just because it may be ‘inconvenient' is not a reason why We shouldn't meet their rights. They also have rights to change their mind about something.Workers need to encourage them to exercise these rights and encourage responsibility to act within the law and moral responsibilities. Choice There needs to be recognition of the service users ‘right to make their own choices', to exp ress and select what they want and the benefits of this. That everyone is entitled to be given full and thorough information in order to make an ‘informed choice' as to what they want / need. Privacy Every worker needs to understand how to avoid intrusion such as the need for permission to enter the room of a service user and to protect their arsenal space. If visitors arrive at the residential / nursing home they do not have the right to see the resident's room without permission from the service user – it is their home.Inclusion Being part of the mainstream of society is something most of us take for granted. We go to work, look after our families, visit the general practitioner / dentist, use transport, and go to the swimming pool or cinema. Inclusion means enabling and encouraging the service users to do the ordinary everyday things in life, making use of the mainstream services and for them to be fully included in the local community. Independence Recognition that the service user should be encouraged and enabled to do things for themselves. This will enable them to feel involved and continue to practice their skills. The result of this would give them a feeling of being involved.If everything is done for the person they lose their skills, self- confidence and sense of self Dignity Every worker needs to have an understanding of importance Of preserving the service users dignity especially when intimate tasks are being provided. Dignity is closely connected to a person's sense of self-worth. For example, if someone is being assisted to have a bath then the bathroom door should not e left open and as soon as the person is out of the bath, towels need to be put around them so they are not left feeling vulnerable. Respect Every service user of whatever age, disability, race, gender, class, sexual orientation, belief system, etc. Needs to be treated with respect, fairness and dignity, for example, demonstrating to the person that they are very imp ortant and that you value them.This means that they are spoken to as an adult with a kind and thoughtful approach. Working in Partnership It is very important to work in partnership with the service user, their family / friends and with relevant agencies. Every worker needs to take on board the wishes of the person they are supporting, their family / friends and other agencies but the wishes of the service user is the most important. Citizenship The government is committed to enforceable civil rights for everyone in society in order to eradicate discrimination in society. Everyone has a right to a decent education, to grow up to vote, to marry and have a family and to express their opinions with the help and support to do so where necessary. 222-206/3 – Work in partnership with others One of the Health and Social care Values is Working in Partnership' which means that workers need to work in partnership and form effective working relationships with service users, careers, fam ily/friends, advocates, colleagues/ manager and staff from other agencies. ‘Unpaid careers' refers to family members who support a relative. ‘Significant others' means anyone who is significant to the service user they are supporting. Every worker needs to take on board the wishes of the person they are working with, their family and other agencies but the wishes of the person they are supporting should be the most important. It is very important that the service user maintains contact with their friends/ Emily, advocates who may speak on their behalf and significant others. If the service user is in residential/nursing home care/hostel etc. Then regular contact should be encouraged.The service user needs to know they are still part of a family, have friends and have not been abandoned, e. G. The need to belong (Moscow). The family may want to be involved in the support Of the service user, I. E. Personal care such as bathing or taking the person shopping, church etc. It is worth exploring with the service user and family members/friends about how they would wish to be involved and encourage this. Workers should assist the service users in any way possible to maintain these relationships by providing, for instance, a warm welcome and refreshments when visitors arrive etc. This will result in the service users feeling valued, as well as their visitors and also helping to maintain the relationships.

Management Evolution Essay

The evolution of management can be traced back to the start of the Industrial Revolution. â€Å"Management and leadership abilities were not thought of as learnable skills but derived from one’s heredity. There did not exist the need for a theory of management: leaders were born, not made. † (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 14). This belief ignored the need for a written theory of management and focused on the practice itself. As industrialization increased and spread, problems related to the factory system began to appear. Large numbers of workers were needed to keep up with the rapid economic expansion. Many of these workers were immigrant, unskilled, and non-English speaking. Managers did not know how to train these employees. This led to a scientific study of management and to what is today known as management theory. Classical School of Management The first management theory, Scientific Management, arose because of a need to increase worker efficiency and productivity. Emphasis of this approach was placed on the best way to get the most work accomplished. Focus was on examining the work process and developing the skills of the workforce. The classical school owes its origins to several contributors; including Frederick Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Henry Gantt, and Mary Parker Follet. Frederick Taylor is often referred to as the â€Å"father of scientific management†. He believed that organizations should study and gain an understanding of work and develop precise procedures to complete it. â€Å"Taylor believed that economic prosperity could only be achieved by maximal worker productivity, which in turn, would be the product of making workers more efficient† (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 5). By analyzing every job through scientific observations, he felt there was only one best way of doing a job. He believed managers should study each job and determine the minimum necessary steps needed to complete it. Individuals step would be analyzed to determine the most efficient way of performing it. Managers would then total the time of each individual task to determine the optimum amount of time necessary to complete the entire task. Workers would then follow the precise instructions of management. If tasks were not completed in the optimal amount of given, workers were removed from the job. He believed this system gave managers power over workers. Workers could no longer resist management demands. Managers possessed the knowledge and workers performed their detailed steps. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were a husband and wife team that studied job motions. â€Å"The Gilbreths are considered pioneers in making use of motion studies to improve worker efficiency† (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 16). Frank analyzed worker actions to determine the best possible method of performing a given job. When he understood all the motions, he would seek to improve the efficiency of each action and reduce the number of motions required to accomplish the job–a process called job simplification† (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 16). Managers would then select, train, and develop workers with devised procedures. Lillian extended this theory into the home in an effort to determine the ideal way to complete household tasks. Henry Gantt developed the Gantt chart; a work scheduling chart that measures planned and completed work along throughout each stage of completion. The Gantt chart is a powerful planning and evaluation tool used by managers. He believed inefficiency was a result of management unrealistic production standards. According to Gantt, â€Å"work standards should be determined by scientific observation and measurement, and only then may realistic work standards be set† (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 17). Gantt also believed that workers should be rewarded for good work through a bonus system. He felt that workers would be more productive and achieve higher levels of production if there was an incentive. To motivate workers to go beyond the daily production quotas, he pioneered the use of a production bonus (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 18). Gantt also focused on the importance of quality leadership and management skills and their relationship to building effective industrial organizations. Mary Parker Follet is often referred to as the â€Å"mother of conflict resolution†. â€Å"Her research and writings pointed to a collaborative approach to problem solving that advocated compromise† (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 17). Follet focused on the importance of establishing and developing common goals within the workplace. She believed workers should be allowed to participate in the decision making process. She believed workers could and would comply and follow management’s logical requests without being given too many orders; workers should not be micromanaged. â€Å"The classical approach to management theory had asserted that the key to worker efficiency and organizational productivity was efficient job design, use of appropriate incentives, and effective managerial functioning† (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 23). This approach emphasized the work elements and eliminated the human dimensions. Behavioral School of Management The behavioral approach stresses that effective management will come from an understanding of the worker† (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 23). Emphasis of this approach is based on the belief that every human being has social and physiological needs which affect performance and motivation. Focus was on improving the self-esteem and self-confidence of the workforce. Contributors to the behavioral school include Elton Mayo, Chester Barnard, and Douglas McGregor. Elton Mayo was the founder of the human relations movement. â€Å"Mayo concluded that factors other than the physical aspects of work had the power of improving production. These factors related to the interrelationships between workers and individual psychology† (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 25). Mayo believed that if workers were treated with respect and their needs were being met, they would be more productive and their work would be more efficient; therefore both the employee and management would benefit. Mayo is known for his work conducted at the Western Electric Company in Chicago; known as the Hawthorne Experiments. He was able to prove that the relationship that employees have with management directly affects productivity. He concluded that management needed to be more directly involved with employees. Chester Barnard developed the acceptance theory of management, which focuses managerial authority. He believed that employees themselves determined if managerial order is legitimate and acceptable. He felt that in order for employees to accept that managers have legitimate authority to act, they must first understand the communication they receive from management. Employees must also feel that the communication that is received is consistent with the organization’s purpose. Bernard believed that managers needed to share a common purpose and express a willingness to cooperate with the employees. â€Å"Douglas McGregor, in distinguishing between the pessimistic Theory X view of employees and the optimistic Theory Y, had a dramatic impact on management theory and practice† (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 27). Theory X which characterized the views of Taylor is based on the assumption that the average human being dislikes work and that because of this dislike they must be threatened and controlled before they will work. Theory X also assumes that the average person desires security and prefers being directed. Average people dislike responsibility and have little ambition. Theory Y which characterized the views of Mayo is based on the assumption that if a job is satisfying and the working conditions are good, then the worker will be committed to the organization. Theory Y also assumes that if the average worker is committed, then they will not only accept, but seek responsibility. McGregor believed that managers should operate with the belief that workers will contribute more to an organization if they feel valued and are treated responsibly. The behavioral approach to management theory focused on the workforce and their needs; the human element of the organization. This approach emphasized work as a group activity and aimed at increasing work productivity through collaboration. Production Operations Management (POM) Approach The Production Operation Management Approach to management was developed in response to increasingly difficult operational problems and a rapidly changing environment. The concepts of the POM Approach were based on the belief that the scientific method was the solution to problem solving. Herbert Simon was a major contributor to the POM Approach. â€Å"Herbert Simon is best known for his research in decision-making and information processing but also made contributions to cognitive psychology, computer science, public administration, philosophy of science, and artificial intelligence† (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 29). Simon coined the term satisficing which was based on the belief that executives rarely had access to perfect information. They were more apt to accept data acquired early in a search and seek solutions or accept choices that are deemed good enough for their purposes. He believed that seeking the maximal solution or result expended resources. â€Å"Production operations management stresses a systems approach that views the total operating system and analyzes a problem within that system. The problem is seen to exist as it relates to the total system, and any proposed solution is evaluated as it relates to the same system† (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 30). The POM approach focused more on production and less on the human factor. Contingency Approach The contingency approach to management is the most recent school of thought about management. It combines the ideas of the other three approaches and states that there is no one universal set of management principles or one best way by which to manage an organization. This approach is based on the belief that to effective, planning, organizing, leading and controlling must be contingent on the circumstances in which an organization operates. Different problems require different solutions. â€Å"This approach arose out of the observation that the three earlier approaches to management–the classical, the behavioral, and productions operations research–did not always lead to an acceptable solution† (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 1). The contingency approach applies to all areas of management, not just organizing and leading. This approach takes into consideration both the internal and external environments of the organization. Conclusion â€Å"The foundations of the various approaches to schools of management theory are found in a variety of disciplines, incl uding economics, psychology, sociology, mathematics, philosophy, and industrial engineering. But management theory, even though it makes use of other scholarly areas and the observations of the practicing manager, has emerged as a separate area of study since the 1940’s† (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 4). The thoughts and ideas of the classical school have been analyzed and developed over the years; however the basic concepts are still in practice today. Relation to Work Environment I believe that the contingency approach to management is the most effective. The classical, the behavioral, and productions operations research approaches all are based on a universal approach, one best way, of management that applies the same techniques to every organization. As a manager I have come to realize that not all people and every situation should be handled identically. I believe managerial decisions and actions are contingent upon a given situation. Managerial styles and techniques must vary according to the circumstances of the situation. To be effective, managers must determine which factors are relevant in what situation. I believe the most important aspect of the contingency theory is that it accounts for the human factor. As the Dining Services Director at Miles Community College, I am required to make daily decisions concerning both my department and the organization as a whole. I believe that to be an effective manager it is necessary to evaluate each and every situation to come up with the appropriate decisions and actions. I understand that each and every situation is unique and requires a situational analysis. I also believe that every decision I make affects the organization therefore my decisions are based on the goals and values of the organization as a whole. I believe that the contingency theory best fits my management style.