Healthcare Essay Tips on How to Craft Understandable Content

Healthcare Essay Tips on How to Craft Understandable Content Healthcare study topics are varied and focus on diverse areas of study concerning the maintenance of mental and physical health. Healthcare studies include topics in care provision and treatment, diagnosis, and preventive medical procedures. Consequently, healthcare studies include careers in the fields of pharmacy, medicine, dentistry, and healthcare administration. Writing an essay on healthcare is a daunting task for many students with limited understanding of different dynamics that characterize the healthcare field of study. Healthcare concerns all the issues related to maintenance of mental and physical health, and exploring the field helps students develop skills needed to begin careers in social care, health, and education. Healthcare is essential to individuals and the community in general. Its significance explains why lecturers require students to write essays on different areas of healthcare. The essay writing assignments help learners understand the dynamics of healthcar e, explore the area of study, appreciate its value to different stakeholders. When professors provide students with healthcare essays, they require students to explore and find answers to the questions like: What do you know about healthcare? Do you understand the dynamics and basics of healthcare? How well can you apply theoretical models to practical healthcare situations? Are you able to explore particular concepts in healthcare and make inferences? When preparing and writing your healthcare essay, it is important to keep the noted questions in mind. Moreover, ensure you have a suitable topic to write about. This guide will provide you with guidelines that help you select appropriate topics. Besides, it provides basic mechanics essential during the essay writing process. How to Choose Suitable Topics for Healthcare Essay: Fresh Ideas from Our Writers You could be lucky enough to have your professor select essay topics for you. However, this is not always the case as lecturers often ask students to come up with the topics on their own. If you fall in the latter category, consider the following options to acquire ideas of where or whom you can consult: Ask for guidance from your departmental tutor; Talk to the other students about possible topics of interests that can be explored; Explore the library of old essays; Read research journals, health care books, and healthcare magazines. Take into account the following key points when selecting the healthcare essay topics you’d like to write about. Essay requirements and interest. Take into account the essay requirements to explore whether the professor has specific needs that should be fulfilled. Regarding interest, choose essay topics that are interesting to you and match your understanding of the essay topic and your ability to explore it. In this case, ask yourself, â€Å"How much do I know about this topic?† It is important to carefully select a topic that you know something about. You should ask yourself the following questions before settling on a specific issue: What sparked my interest during my coursework? What have I heard or read that grabbed my attention? Topic reuse and analysis. Healthcare topics are interrelated, and it is quite OK to reuse a healthcare topic for which you had already written an essay. However, approach the reused topic with caution to ensure it is unique and has resource materials. In the analysis, examine whether the prospective topics are broad or narrow. Narrow topics are too specific while the broad ones do not provide focused areas of study or specific information. Open-mindedness and source availability. Even when the essay ideas are farfetched, consider each to come up with a viable essay topic in the field of healthcare. However, ensure the potential essay topics have sources from which you can retrieve information to prove the credibility of your content. The given key points should be considered before settling on a particular essay topic in healthcare. Additional hints include: Research essay topics around your area of interest to create a precise and limited topic; Avoid being excessively ambitious in the topic selection; Explore existing literature to identify a gap in modern knowledge; Consider focusing on a topic that is interesting to your lecturers; admittedly, it is beneficial to write about something that will engage them. Meanwhile, the following six essay sample topics provide an idea of some of the healthcare issues that can be explored in an essay. Since Its Inception, Cosmetic Surgery Has Been on the Rise. Why (Why not) It Should Be Covered by Insurance Policies? Is the Hybrid American Healthcare System Sustainable? The US Mental Health: The Major Forms Of Mental Health Issues Affecting Americans and Solutions to the Mental Health Problems; Disproportionately High Cost of Healthcare in the United States: What Solutions Can Be Used to Fix This Problem? The Constitutionality of the New Healthcare Reforms; The Spirituality Issues in the Field of Healthcare. Healthcare Essay Prewriting Tips to Get a Good Start At the beginning of the essay writing, taking time for prewriting is effective as it will put you on the right track to get meaningful essay content. Prewriting is the preliminary work that helps to construct a stellar essay and may include activities, such as visual mapping, freewriting, and considering the purpose of your writing and your intended audience. The purpose and audience analysis. Admittedly, your essay is written for a purpose. Whether you are required to write an informative, persuasive or argumentative essay, you intend to achieve a certain objective through it. In this case, explore the essay purpose to create a focus on issues that it should address. Second, your essay should target a particular audience. It is appropriate to ponder over who might read your healthcare essay, and how you can frame your content to fit their needs. For instance, if you are writing about mental health, your readers might be mental health patients, psychiatric professionals, hospital administrators, parents, students pursuing mental health studies and so on. Freewriting. Often, just the very beginning of the writing may provide you with the needed motivation to write an essay. Freewriting involves writing about the essay topic using complete sentences without censoring yourself. It is appropriate to free-write about various aspects of your topic, including issues in healthcare that interest you, questions you intend to find answers for or controversial issues that require justification. At this point, you should be open to all ideas even when you feel they may not become a part of the essay. Providing every point that crosses your mind may help you reach an essay breakthrough. Clustering. By the time you are done with freewriting, you will probably have numerous diverse and interconnected ideas. You need to filter the ideas through clustering to come up with viable issues that can open up your essay topic. Clustering is a technique that helps you to represent your act of thinking visually through interconnected links. The process involves starting a cluster by writing the chosen topic inside a circle in the center of the page, then branching off with other circles representing related ideas developed at the freewriting phase, and connecting them back to the topic using lines. The piece of paper should be filled with ideas related to your essay topic by the time you finish your cluster. You can now choose two to three ideas to develop for your healthcare essay. Outlining. Ideas developed at the clustering stage may be too broad for a single healthcare essay. However, you can narrow them down to the most important points by creating an outline for your essay introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. In this case, outline what points should be in your introduction, including a working thesis statement, ideas for each of the body paragraphs, and analysis of the points that require literature evidence and examples. Structuring Your Healthcare Essay Writing an essay means creating and designing a coherent set of ideas into an argument. Essays are essentially linear. Thus, they should offer one idea at a time, but in an order that is sensible to the writer and the reader. In this case, your essay should be structured in a way that attends not only to you but the readers’ logic as well. The focus of your healthcare essay should predict the essay structure and dictate the information your audience needs to know and the order in which they need to receive it. There are special guidelines that should be followed when constructing the essays. These guidelines include writing the introduction, the body, and the conclusion of the essay. Introduction. The introduction of your essay should be 10% of your essay at least. This section forms the beginning part of your healthcare essay, and it does the same job for an essay as the topic sentence does for the paragraphs. The introduction informs the readers about the essay topic and what is going to happen next. The three main parts of an introduction include an opening statement or a question, supporting sentences, and a thesis statement. The opening statement attracts the reader’s attention, often referred to as the ‘hook.’ Conversely, the supporting sentence links the opening statement to the thesis statement. The thesis statement states the objective and plan of the entire healthcare essay. In your introduction, ensure to: Explain how you interpret the topic and title of your essay; Articulate the issues you’re going to explore; Describe what your essay focus will be; Explain your argument and counter arguments if any. Main body. The body segment of an essay should occupy about 80% of your essay. It is the most important part of the paper because it presents the main arguments, justifications for these arguments and examples. Depending on the length of the essay, the body paragraphs should be more than one, and in most cases, more than two. Each of the body paragraphs should begin with a topic sentence and have information that links and supports the topic sentence and the thesis statement. In cases where the thesis statement has multiple assertions, ensure each body paragraph supports the assertions, mainly in the order you articulated them in the thesis. In this case, the topic sentence for the first body paragraph should explore the first assertion of the thesis statement. Subsequently, the topic sentence for the second body paragraph should refer to the second assertion of the thesis statement. Precisely, you need to use a chain of paragraphs that explore and develop the arguments mentioned in your thesis statement. You should explain the following to your readers: What each paragraph is about; Your argument on each idea; Your evidence to support your ideas and what the evidence means to the topic; How each body paragraph links to the essay title; How your body paragraph links to the topic in the succeeding paragraph. Conclusion. Most writers leave out the conclusion part of an essay. They leave all ideas scattered and with no particular summary of the major points. Similar to the introduction, your conclusion should occupy approximately 10% of your essay. The guiding rule in writing your conclusion is to never introduce any new content. Rather, summarize the major arguments of your essay just as you may have done it in the introduction part of the essay. You also need to restate your thesis statement and make inferences. In this case, articulate why the conclusion you make is important to the essay or significant to the field of healthcare studies in theory and practice. Post Writing Tips to Make Your Essay Flawless Once you are done with the healthcare essay writing, post writing is easy as it only involves proofreading needed to correct sentence, grammar, and paragraph errors. Moreover, ensure the essay format is appropriate, and the paper is free from plagiarism. Cite all outside sources that helped you justify your arguments.

9 Types of Students You Can Meet in a Classroom

9 Types of Students You Can Meet in a Classroom You can often see some typical characters of students on TV shows and movies. You might have noticed that in real life types of students in high school and college are different from those featured on TV. Weve classified nine student types which you can meet in a typical classroom. 1. A Sleeper This guy or girl definitely has a superpower to fall asleep at a desk not minding the noise. You might feel a little jealous that your classmate is having an extra nap while you have to take notes and listen to the teacher. Its curious that sleepers often stay unnoticed. But you should know that there will be nothing to be jealous about when a teacher suddenly comes up to a sleeper to wake him or her up. This is one of the most common types of students you meet in college. The reason for that is simple - many students have part-time jobs which are not easy to handle. A bonus: Find out more about easy part-time jobs that won’t make you sleepy in a classroom from our article. 2. An â€Å"I-Know-It-All† You definitely have a classmate, who raises his or her hand anytime a question is asked. This guy or girl is always ready to take another test or stay for an extra class. Next time this happens, dont roll your eyes too far (we know you do it every time) for not harming yourself. Eventually, there must be someone who draws a teachers attention away from a sleeper. 3. An Outsider This person typically sits somewhere at the end of the classroom and can be spotted daydreaming or doodling in a notebook. An outsider usually has no friends or has only one friend, but it seems that an outsider is okay with it. If you think that this type of people is too gloomy, then you should know that its because they are very self-conscious. But you can crack that shell to reveal an excellent friend. 4. A Golden Star We are not talking about Patrick the Star, but the one, who is beloved by every teacher in your school. You cant even tell why, but this guy or girl is always praised. Such people always look too relaxed, so sometimes you think that all their homework is done by elves. Dont judge them too much, as you might not know how a person actually feels. 5. A Gadget Addict Sometimes you think that the hand of this person is glued to a cell phone and will never be detached from it. You can see a gadget addict constantly scrolling through Instagram feed or watching YouTube videos while everyone else is listening to a teacher. Well, maybe he or she is a future social media marketer, who knows. 6. A Clown A clown always has a joke to make your day. Usually, this person can be spotted goofing around and not paying attention to anything that your teacher is saying. When it comes to an awkward pause in a conversation among your classmates, a clown always has something to say that breaks the silence. You might not be surprised seeing this classmate in a meme or vine compilation video. Perhaps, you can even find him or her in our list of the best college memes. 7. An Energizer An energizer seems to have a time-turner in a pocket. This person somehow manages to be in sports, school events, singing in a chore, making posters for the next charity march and helping every club in the school. These students just have too much energy to sit on their hands. And while you are trying to stop procrastinating and start doing your homework, think about an energizer who is probably crafting another model for a chemistry club. 8. A Space King (or Queen) If you are constantly asked for a pencil to borrow, about what the home task was or even what the day of the week is, then its a space king (queen) whos talking to you. You wonder how soon this guy or girl will be expelled, but somehow this never happens. You are probably mad because a space king (queen) always comes unprepared but still carry an extra pencil for this guy. 9. A Party Maker The one who attends parties so often that you wonder if this person ever sleeps. A party maker is known by the majority of students, and almost everyone can tell you a funny story about the time they attended a party together. Its not that surprising that party makers are not the best students, but they usually get help from their classmates in exchange for an invitation to a party. Take the Quiz If you dont know which type of student you are, you can take a short quiz on the types of students classification to understand more about whether you are a diligent or a careless student. Did you recognize these personalities in your classroom? Do you think that we have covered all kinds of students behavior? Let us know!

Reserch Paper on Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reserch Paper on Abortion - Essay Example â€Å"The question which we must answer in order to produce a satisfactory solution to the problem of the moral status of abortion is this: How are we to define the moral community, the set of beings with full and equal moral rights, such that we can decide whether a human fetus is a member of this community or not? What sort of entity, exactly, has the inalienable rights† (Warren, 1996). This report will look at this and other arguments around the general issue of abortion, providing answers to these questions and also posing new questions through the process of intensive research. In terms of Western philosophy, abortion has historically been a social issue that was mixed up with the time at which a fetus is said to gain a soul or become a human. Issues of morality were less important to these thinkers in terms of aborting a fetus that was seen not to yet have acquired a soul, which was seen to take form anywhere, by time, after four months post-conception. Therefore, American law, having a Western precedent in terms of philosophical and social maintenance of ideals in its beginnings, adopted this neutral morality in its own policies involving abortion, which was not the subject of penalty under early American law. In thinking of the psychology of morality in a political sphere, it is interesting to think of morality at the same time appearing in a social-scientific sphere of psychology, in terms of past and present ideals. It is the purpose of a psychological and social perspective to discuss these ideals in terms of a polarized national debate about abortio n, asking vital questions: â€Å"Is it better to be born as the result of a pregnancy that at least one parent intended or one that neither parent intended? If intentions diverge, do infants whose conception was intended by their mother fare better than those whose conception was intended by their father?† (Korenman, 2002). One must think of the serious social and psychological toll of unintended

Boomers may be inventing aging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Boomers may be inventing aging - Essay Example Volunteering is a common aspect in both cohorts. However, boomers have more opportunities to render service to their families or community. Many youths are either in college or not attached to any visible opportunity to deliver service. Moreover, unlike boomers, millennial don’t get families at their 20s. The current technological advancements opportunities and potential crises provoke boomers to totally change aging in America. As matter of fact, boomer population is relatively higher than the previous generation. With life expectancy rising, boomers will definitely remain active past their 65th birthday to reduce dependency levels. Notably, boomers have impacted a significant change in every level of their growth. At their forties, this generation could be found in class trying to catch their young counterparts. Additionally retirement no longer depends on age and most boomers are willing and able to volunteer upon their retirement. Its time America reaps from other cultures and learns to accept the opinions of the experienced generation, given that boomers tend to actively contribute to political and managerial decision making. Moreover, following the saving schemes introduced during their middle ages, boomers are capable of purchasing their Medicare hence expected life span. Rema rkably, their savings and old age activeness positively impacts on economic growth. In a nutshell, boomers resemble the millennial in many ways, portraying activeness in their old age. In the next few decades, aging would no longer be associated with dependency but increased socio-economic

Industrial production Essay Example for Free

Industrial production Essay In his empirical study Imai (1996) examined other significant internal factors promoting democratic changes. He demonstrated that industrial production and GDP per capita have gradual lasting influence on their implementation (p. 8). It seems logical as economists argue that with growing size of the developing nation’s market and expansion of its economy, democratization of the country is facilitated. Consequently, as the purchasing capacity of the most population measured by GDP per capita raises, the economic and political liberalization within the developing country is promoted, thus contributing further to the democratization (Armijo, 2005, p. 2019). Imai (1996) also emphasizes that the larger is the size of the developing nations home market, and the more amounts of foreign direct investment the nation draws, the deeper democratic changes it will have to implement together with liberalization of its economy (p. 11). At the same time, increased purchasing capacity of domestic consumers fosters expansion of private entrepreneurship which, for its part, promotes political liberalization, in the long run decreasing the state’s capability to strongly control civil liberties of its citizens (Arblaster, 1999, p. 40). So, as we discussed above, citizens of more economically advanced developing countries enjoy more civil liberties, and what is important to note here, such countries usually demonstrate the trend of growing urban population. At the same time, Imai (1996) proves that number of urban population is one of indicators of the internationalization of national economy, which contributes to democracy facilitation too, and more urbanized developing countries demonstrate more efforts toward democratization (p. 10). These trends evidently show that creation of wealthy stable society in developing countries is one of vital preconditions of democratization. The proper concept of democratization is closely connected with the notion of civil society as democracy constitutes a form of its existence. Formation of constitutional state and real democracy is impossible without civil society’s coming-to-be (Penna, 1998, p. 116). Important aspect of civil society formation is attaining unity among the people. For example, experience of political history of many African states, as well as Yugoslavia of the first half of 1990s, demonstrates that deep disunity of the society on the ground of ethnical features and prevailing separatist trends among the majority of population even in the presence of democratic aspirations in the society may not only become the hindrance to democratization process, but lead to opposite results (Penna, 1998, p.118). A few decades ago scholars entered a new notion into circulation – that of ‘consolidation of democracy’ – which implies irreversibility of established political structures where certainty of the procedures leads to limitation of ‘uncertainty of outcomes’, that is undemocratic outcomes are practically impossible (Randall Svasand, 2001, p. 78). This notion supposes that further democratization of the world is being considered as inevitable, and it is just an issue of time. But the way to this achievement appear to be not easy one. As our study demonstrate, outcome depends on the results of economic reforms which associate with democratization of political regime in minds of major part of population, although direct interrelation of economic and political transformations is not mandatory. That is why incapability of young democracies to satisfy economic interests of poor strata of population often makes a threat for entire democratization process (Petras Veltmeyer, 2001, p. 52).

Common Microorganisms Essay examples -- essays research papers

INTRODUCTION Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus, mold, and yeast are present and common in almost every environment on earth. The normally microscopic organisms can easily be seen using differing types of agar, which creates an ideal environment for the organisms to form colonies, which are groups of hundreds of organisms that can be seen with the naked eye. In order to see individual microorganisms, it is necessary to use the magnification of a high-powered microscope. These techniques of microbiology are used in the following five experiments. The first experiment used Trypticase Soy Nutrient Agar (TSA), which can grow a wide variety of organisms and contains casein and soybean meal and a minute NaCl, to study the effectiveness of alcohol as a skin antiseptic. The second experiment tested the effectiveness of different kinds of mouthwashes as antiseptics using TSA as well. Experiment number three explored the normal human flora existing on skin and in nasal cavities, and two types of agar were used, including TSA and Mannitol Salt Agar, which contains manitol sugar, phenol red, and 7.5% NaCl. Mannitol Salt Agar tests for the presence of staphylococci bacteria that can survive in the salt that inhibits the growth of most other bacteria. Some forms of staph bacteria ferment mannitol and produce a yellow color around the colonies, which can easily be seen against the red background. The fourth experiment studied the number of bacteria in a diluted sa mple of uncooked hamburger meat using nutrient agar and a Quebec counter to count the colonies. The final experiment involved the growth of yeast cells under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. MATERIALS - Trypticase Soy Nutrient Agar -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mannitol Salt Agar -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sterile alcohol swab -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Listerine mouthwash -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tubes of nutrient agar -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diluted hamburger meat -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quebec colony counter -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apple juice -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anaerobic yeast culture -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hemacytometer -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Iodine METHODS Experiment 1. Effectiveness of alcohol as an antiseptic 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All experiments must be done in a sterile environment; Lysol can be used to sterilize the a... ...ide had a lot of large tan colonies and dense, small colonies. The Listerine side seemed to destroy all most all of these small colonies, but the larger colonies were actually more numerous. The other mouth washes used were salt water rinse and Scope. The salt water did almost no damage to the bacteria, and the Scope killed the most.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In experiment three, there were a lot of different kinds of organisms persent on the agar. On the plate that contained nasal micro-organisms, large yellow colonies appeared on the Mannitol Salt Agar, indicating Staphylococcus aureus. On the TSA side, small creamy white colonies were also present. These could possibly be yeast. On the plate that contained the skin swab, there was a large amount of large, fuzzy white and black growth, which is mold. There was a single light-orange colony on the TSA side, possibly a growth of Flavobacterium.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the fourth experiment, there were a number of different kinds of colonies on the EMB plate with the meat swab. There were black dots, which indicate the presence of E-coli, pink dots, which indicate lactose-fermenters, and a few white and gray colonies.

Jose Rizal’s Life Essay

1. Surname-â€Å"Rizal† Jose Rizal and his family got the surname ‘Rizal’ from his Chinese ancestor Domingo Lameo. Rizal means â€Å"Ricial or grains†, and they started using it 1731. His true surname is Mercado, but to keep his family safe he used the surname Rizal. His brother insisted that he adopt the name Rizal in order to avoid the obvious stigma that the Alonzo y Mercado name had recieved from Paciano’s association with Father Burgos, and the family’s prominence in the native community. Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Where_did_Jose_Rizal_get_his_surname_Rizal#ixzz1C3si8ka5 http://www.schillerinstitute.org/educ/hist/rizal.html 2. Jose Rizal’s reason in going out of the country Rizal went out of the country because he wants to discover,explore other places and to learn new things. Rizal went to other countries to study, he also wants to learn different languages, he studied medicine because he wants to give cure of his mother’s eyes. Rizal build up businesses, experiencing life to the fullest while he’s out of the country, he changes his girlfriend whenever he wants. But going out of the country is not about pleasure, Rizal was there to hide, because he’s life was already in danger that he has to hide for awhile. There are many accussations thrown on him during those times. He has to go out of the country with all his love for his family and for all the filipinos; to protect his family and his countrymen. If he choses to expose himself to the opponent, whole filipinos life will be in much danger than it really was. 3. Part of Rizal’s life  2 May 1883 – Visitacià ³n 8 – 3rd floor, No. 4 Yesterday, one year ago I left my home to come to this country. How many illusions one entertained and how many deceptions! Yesterday, all day and night, I kept recalling all that had happened to me since then. I took my diary and read it, which reminded me of faded impressions. Though sick, I’ll continue my diary because I see that it is most useful and above all it consoles the soul when nothing more remains of its former treasures. This morning I went to see the celebration of Dos de Mayo (2nd May) [05]. There were many people around the obelisk where I saw a tiny altar with some candles. Everywhere could be heard the cries of newspaper vendors which recalled the 2nd of May. In the afternoon we — Zamora, Villanueva, and I — went to see the civic procession. Many soldiers and members of the different corporations. The King does not attend this national celebration. I received from the Philippines a letter of L.R. [06] of 26 March. * Rizal went out of the country because of his true love for the country and his family. He wants to protect those people that he really love. During the day that he wrote it, he’s sick, he’s like crying everything to his diary and that is the best that he did, to write, he write everything coz he knows that those writings will be very useful to help and save his country, but what i like about it is that he uses a diary in dealing with his emotions, the diary is like someone who will collect every details of your story. It’s almost a treasure, it holds everything even secrets. During that sad moment, rizal recalls some moments of his life, from the day that he’s in the Philippines up to the day that he has to leave for the sake of everyone. With a diary, everything was just like yesterday. I was really touched will this part of his diary. Even he’s sick he still keeps on writing, i can really realate here, i can imagine him writing while recalling those sad moments of his life, it’s painful and really wanna makes me cry, because Rizal has been a very good man ever since he was born, Rizal was full of love, he’s really humble, and being humble is not an easy thing to learn. It’s not just about doing good things, it’s about doing good things from the heart, and Rizal was always sincere on what he intended to do same with what he really does..even sacrificing his own life, from his heart he sincerely wants to give it up just to save every life of his country men. And that intention will never be easy to do, you will just learn to do it when you’re humble and full of love just like Rizal, his intentions are good and it really reflects him . Life of rizal was not that good at all, he has to sacrifice, he has to suffer, he has to hide even tough all that he want was to write and make the filipinos realize that they’re being cheated and abused by those foreigner, those people who came from other country was very deceitful, they’ve been a dictator and pretentous that the filipinos are not awared of it and they let their fears and stupidity control them. He died beacuse of his love for every filipino and it’s not right to question him being our national hero, after all that he has done, Rizal’s diaries has been very useful, all of his writings are useful, it really tells how he fought for our country in more simple ways. Every writings has a story to tell. I like every part of Rizal’s life when he’s writing, i don’t know all that he write but i like that he is writing. It’s not just about the diary, i mean everytime that he write. Coz i want to write as well as if i’m a writer but i don’t know where to start coz i think you really have to be knowledgeable, it’s not just you’ll write but you have to make sure that it has an appeal and it will effectively influence the readers, so i am really amazed because Rizal was very smart and god has given him that talent to write, he’s full of passion on everything. Before and now, he is a very good author of those well known books. He has influence everyone before to fight with him for the country against those user and abusive people from other country.

Literary Criticism of Don DeLillo

Literary Criticism of Don DeLilloâ€Å"It's my nature to keep quiet about most things. Even the ideas in my work. When you try to unravel something you've written, you belittle it in a way. It was created as a mystery, in part.† –Don DeLillo, from the 1979 interview with Tom LeClairThere are a number of books and essays which are devoted to analysis of Don Delillo's writing. This page concentrates on the books only (for the most part), with most recent on top.Terrorism, Media, and the Ethics of Fiction: Transatlantic Perspectives on Don DeLillo (2010)Great to see the publication of this book of essays from the DeLillo Conference held in Osnabrà ¼ck, Germany in 2008 (see my page on the Conference). Edited by conference organizers Peter Schneck and Philipp Schweighauser.Terrorism, Media, and the Ethics of Fiction is published by Continuum, ISBN-13: 9781441139931, 2010 (hardcover, 264 pages).Contents include: Introduction – Philipp Schweighauser and Peter Schneck M emory Work after 9/11The Wake of Terror: Don DeLillo's â€Å"In the Ruins of the Future,† â€Å"Baader-Meinhof,† and Falling Man – Linda S. Kauffman Grieving and Memory in Don DeLillo's Falling Man – Silvia Caporale Bizzini Collapsing Identities: The Representation and Imagination of the Terrorist in Falling Man – Sascha Pà ¶hlmann Writers, Terrorists, and the Masses6,500 Weddings and 2,750 Funerals: Mao II, Falling Man, and the Mass Effect – Mikko Keskinen Influence and Self-Representation: Don DeLillo's Artists and Terrorists in Postmodern Mass Society – Leif Grà ¶ssinger The Art of Terror–the Terror of Art: DeLillo's Still Life of 9/11, Giorgio Morandi, Gerhard Richter, and Performance Art – Julia Apitzsch Don DeLillo and Johan GrimonprezGrimonprez's Remix – Eben WoodDial T for Terror: Don DeLillo's Mao II and Johan Grimonprez' Dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y – Martyn Colebrook Deathward and Other PlotsTerror, Asce ticism, and Epigrammatic Writing in Don DeLillo's Fiction – Paula Martà ­n Salvà ¡n The End of Resolution? Reflections on the Ethics of Closure in Don DeLillo's Detective Plots – Philipp Schweighauser and Adrian S. Wisnicki The Ethics of FictionSlow Man, Dangling Man, Falling Man: Don DeLillo and the Ethics of Fiction – Peter Boxall Falling Man: Performing Fiction – Marie-Christine Lepsâ€Å"Mysterium tremendum et fascinans†: Don DeLillo, Rudolf Otto, and the Search for Numinous Experience – Peter Schneck CodaThe DeLillo Era: Literary Generations in the Postmodern Period – David Cowart (Sept. 6, 2010)The Cambridge Companion to Don DeLillo (2008)Above is a shot of the book ‘on location' in Cambridge, with St Johns College in the background; I found the book at the Cambridge Book Shop, and the clerk told me that the book had just come in that day! (May 13, 2008)The Cambridge Companion to Don DeLillo is a new book edited by John Duvall, and it features articles covering much of DeLillo's work by many familiar names of DeLillo criticism. Published by Cambridge University Press, ISBN-13: 9780521690898, 2008 (paperback, 203 pages). There's a hardback as  well.Contents include: Introduction: â€Å"The power of history and the persistence of mystery† John N. Duvall Part I. Aesthetic and Cultural Influences â€Å"DeLillo and modernism† Philip Nel â€Å"DeLillo, postmodernism, postmodernity† Peter Knight Part II. Early Fiction â€Å"DeLillo and media culture† Peter Boxall â€Å"DeLillo's apocalyptic satire† Joseph Dewey â€Å"DeLillo and the political thriller† Tim Engles Part III. Major Novels â€Å"White Noise† Stacey Olster â€Å"Libra† Jeremy Green â€Å"Underworld† Patrick O'Donnell Part IV. Themes and Issues â€Å"DeLillo and masculinity† Ruth Helyer â€Å"DeLillo's Dedealian artists† Mark Osteen â€Å"DeLillo and the power of la nguage† David Cowart â€Å"DeLillo and mystery† John McClure Conclusion: â€Å"Writing amid the ruins: 9/11 and Cosmopolis† Joseph Conte It's unclear how much of this material is truly new; much may be adapted from previously published work.Beyond Grief and Nothing: A Reading of Don DeLillo (2006)Beyond Grief and Nothing is a new book by Joseph Dewey from the University of South Carolina Press. The book traces a thematic trajectory in DeLillo from his first short story to ‘Love-Lies-Bleeding'. The book examines DeLillo as a profoundly spiritual writer, a writer who has wrestled with his Catholic upbringing (the title comes from the famous line from Faulkner's ‘Wild Palms' that forms a motif in Godard's ‘Breathless') and who has emerged over the last decade as perhaps the most important religious writer in American literature since Flannery O'Connor.Dewey finds DeLillo's concerns to be organized around three rubrics that mark the writer's own cre ative evolution: the love of the street, the embrace of the word, and the celebration of the soul.Joseph Dewey is an Associate Professor, American literature at University of Pittsburgh, and heco-edited Underwords (see below). 184 pages, hardcover, $34.95.Don DeLillo: The Possibility of Fiction (2006)Don DeLillo:The Possibility of Fiction by Peter Boxall (Routledge). I don't know much about this book, except for the fact that it's expensive! Dr. Peter Boxall is a lecturer in English Literature at the University of Sussex, and has previously published on Beckett (among others).Approaches to Teaching DeLillo's White Noise (2006)Approaches to Teaching DeLillo's White Noise is a new book edited by Tim Engles and John N. Duvall. From the MLA website:This volume, like others in the MLA's Approaches to Teaching World Literature series, is divided into two parts. The first part, â€Å"Materials,† suggests readings and resources for both instructor and students of White Noise. The sec ond part, â€Å"Approaches,† contains eighteen essays that establish cultural, technological, and theoretical contexts (e.g., whiteness studies); place the novel in different survey courses (e.g., one that explores the theme of American materialism); compare it with other novels by DeLillo (e.g., Mao II); and give examples of classroom techniques and strategies in teaching it (e.g., the use of disaster films).The book is aimed at folks who include White Noise in their syllabus, and it includes pieces from Mark Osteen, Phil Nel, John Duvall, Tim Engles and many more.Benjamin Kunkel on Novelists and Terrorists (2005)In the New York Times Book Review of September 11, 2005, Benjamin Kunkel offers â€Å"Dangerous Characters†, an essay on the ‘terrorist novel' of the pre 9/11 era. DeLillo unsurprisingly features in the essay. It's worth reading in its entirety, but I pull out a couple quotes here that were of particular interest to me:Terrorists might be a novelist's r ivals, as Don DeLillo's novelist character maintains in †Mao II† (1991), but they were also his proxies. No matter how realistic, the terrorist novel was also a kind of metafiction, or fiction about fiction.DeLillo saw that novelists, like terrorists, were solitary and obscure agents, †men in small rooms,† preparing symbolic provocations to be unleashed on the public with a bang. Of course this could refer only to a certain kind of novelist, starting perhaps with Flaubert and ending, DeLillo suggested, with Beckett, whose work could be taken as an indictment of an entire civilization, and whose authority when it came to that civilization was paradoxically derived from his appearing to stand completely outside it.Don DeLillo: Balance at the Edge of Belief (2004)Don DeLillo: Balance at the Edge of Belief by Jesse Kavadlo, published in 2004 by Peter Lang Publishing (ISBN: 0-8204-6351-5). Here's how the back cover puts it:Don DeLillo – winner of the Nation al Book Award, the William Dean Howells Medal, and the Jerusalem Prize – is one of the most important novelists of the late-twentieth and early-twenty-first centuries. While his work can be understood and taught as prescient and postmodern examples of millennial culture, this book argues that DeLillo's recent novels – White Noise, Libra, Mao II, Underworld, and The Body Artist – are more concerned with spiritual crisis. Although DeLillo's worlds are rife with rejection of belief and littered with faithlessness, estrangement, and desperation, his novels provide a balancing moral corrective against the conditions they describe.  Speaking the vernacular of contemporary America, DeLillo explores the mysteries of what it means to be human.Don DeLillo – Bloom's Modern Critical Views (2003)Don DeLillo was published by Chelsea House in 2003, edited and with an introduction by Harold Bloom.The book consists of previously published critical essays on DeLillo:â₠¬Å"Introduction† by Harold Bloom â€Å"Don DeLillo's Search for Walden Pond† by Michael Oriard â€Å"Preface and Don DeLillo† by Robert Nadeau â€Å"Don DeLillo's America† by Bruce Bawer â€Å"White Magic: Don DeLillo's Intelligence Networks† by Greg Tate â€Å"Myth, Magic and Dread: Reading Culture Religiously† by Gregory Salyer â€Å"The Romantic Metaphysics of Don DeLillo† by Paul Maltby â€Å"For Whom the Bell Tolls: Don DeLillo's Americana† by David Cowart â€Å"Consuming Narratives: Don DeLillo and the ‘Lethal' Reading† by Christian Mararu â€Å"Romanticism and the Postmodern Novel: Three Scenes from Don DeLillo's White Noise† by Lou F. Caton â€Å"Don DeLillo's Postmodern Pastoral† by Dana Phillipsâ€Å"Afterthoughts on Don DeLillo's Underworld† by Tony Tanner â€Å"‘What About a Problem That Doesn't Have a Solution?': Stone's A Flag for Sunrise, DeLillo's Mao II, and the Politics of Political Fiction† by Jeoffrey S. Bull White Noise: A Reader's Guide (2003)Don DeLillo's White Noise: A Reader's Guide by Leonard Orr was published in 2003. The book is published as part of the Continuum Contemporaries series, sells for $9.95 and is 96 pages.Underwords: Perspectives on Don DeLillo's Underworld (2002)Underwords: Perspectives on Don DeLillo's Underworld is edited by Joseph Dewey, Steven G. Kellman, and Irving Malin, and published by University of  Delaware Press in Sept. 2002 (ISBN 0-87413-785-3 $39.50). Here is a picture & the blurb:Don DeLillo's 1997 masterwork Underworld, one of the most acclaimed and long-awaited novels of the last twenty years, was immediately recognized as a landmark novel, not only in the long career of one of America's most distinguished novelists but also in the ongoing evolution of the postmodern novel. Vast in scope, intricately organized, and densely allusive, the text provided an immediate and engaging challenge to readers of c ontemporary fiction.This collection of thirteen essays brings together new and established voices in American studies and contemporary American literature to assess the place of this remarkable novel not only within the postmodern tradition but within the larger patterns of American literature and culture as well. By seeking to place the novel within such a context, this lively collection of provocative readings offers a valuable guide for both students and scholars of the American literary imagination.The book contains:â€Å"A Gathering Under Words: An Introduction† by Joseph Dewey â€Å"‘What Beauty, What Power': Speculations on the Third Edgar† by Irving Malin and Joseph Dewey â€Å"Subjectifying the Objective: Underworld as Mutable Narrative† by David Yetter â€Å"Underworld: Sin and Atonement† by Robert McMinnâ€Å"‘Shall These Bones Live'† by David Cowart â€Å"Don DeLillo's Logogenetic Underworld† by Steven G. Kellman â₠¬Å"Pynchon and DeLillo† by Timothy L. Parrish â€Å"Conspiratorial Jesuits in the Postmodern Novel: Mason & Dixon and Underworld† by Carl Ostrowski â€Å"Don DeLillo, John Updike, and the Sustaining Power of Myth† by Donald J. Greiner â€Å"In the Nick of Time: DeLillo's Nick Shay, Fitzgerald's Nick Carraway, and the Myth of the American Adam† by Joanne Gass â€Å"Don DeLillo, T.S. Eliot, and the Redemption of America's Atomic Waste Land† by Paul Gleason â€Å"The Unmaking of History: Baseball, Cold War, and Underworld† by Kathleen Fitzpatrick â€Å"Underworld or: How I Learned to Keep Worrying and Live the Bomb† by Thomas Myers â€Å"The Baltimore Catechism; or Comedy in Underworld† by Ira Nadel The book also includes a bibliography of Underworld reviews and notices by Marc Singer and Jackson R. Bryer.Don DeLillo: The Physics of Language (2002)Don DeLillo – The Physics of Language by David Cowart was published in Feb. 20 02 by the University of Georgia Press. Here is a link to more info: http://www.ugapress.org/index.php/books/don_delillo/Cowart examines the work of DeLillo with an emphasis on language; DeLillo's use of it in the novels, and the way in which characters in the books are characterized by different types of language. He divides the novels into three groups: the tentative early novels (End Zone, Great Jones Street, Players and Running Dog), the popular fictions (White Noise, Libra and Mao II) and the works of great achievement (Americana, Ratner's Star, The Names, Underworld and The Body Artist).Throughout his twelve novels, DeLillo foregrounds language and the problems of language. He has an uncanny ear for the mannered, elliptical, non sequitur-ridden rhythms of vernacular conversation (the common response to â€Å"thank you† has somehow become â€Å"no problem†). His is an adept parodist of the specialized discourses that proliferate in contemporary society – in sport, business, politics, academe, medicine, entertainment, and journalism. The jargons of science, technology, and military deterrence offer abundant targets, too. But the author's interest in these discourses goes beyond simple parody, and it is the task of criticism to gauge the extra dimensions of DeLillo's thinking about language.Underworld: A Reader's Guide (2002)Don DeLillo's Underworld: A Reader's Guide by John Duvall was published in early 2002. The book is published as part of the Continuum Contemporaries series, sells for $9.95 and is 96 pages.The book has five chapters: The Novelist, giving background on DeLillo; The  Novel, the main section of the book with an analysis of the main themes; The Novel's Reception, on the initial reviews of Underworld; The Novel's Performance, on the subsequent academic treatment; and Further Reading and Discussion.Critical Essays on Don DeLillo (2000)Critical Essays on Don DeLillo, edited by Hugh Ruppersburg, and Tim Engles, published b y G.K. Hall, appeared in 2000. Contains a section of book reviews and a section of essays, covering each novel through Underworld.The essays are:â€Å"For Whom the Bell Tolls: Don DeLillo's Americana† by David Cowart â€Å"Deconstructing the Logos: Don DeLillo's End Zone† by Thomas LeClair â€Å"The End of Pynchon's Rainbow: Postmodern Terror and Paranoia in DeLillo's Ratner's Star† by Glen Scott Allen â€Å"Marketing Obsession: The Fascinations of Running Dog† by Mark Osteen â€Å"Discussing the Untellable: Don DeLillo's The Names† by Paula Bryant â€Å"‘Who are you, literally?': Fantasies of the White Self in Don DeLillo's White Noise† by Tim Engles â€Å"Baudrillard, DeLillo's White Noise, and the End of Heroic Narrative† by Leonard Wilcox â€Å"The Fable of the Ants: Myopic Interactions in DeLillo's Libra† by Bill Millard â€Å"Libra and the Subject of History† by Christopher M. Mottâ€Å"Can the Intellectual Still Speak? The Example of Don DeLillo's Mao II† by Silvia Caporale Bizzini â€Å"Excavating the Underworld of Race and Waste in Cold War History: Baseball, Aesthetics and Ideology† by John N. Duvall â€Å"Everything is Connected: Underworld's Secret History of Paranoia† by Peter Knight â€Å"Awful Symmetries in Don DeLillo's Underworld† by Arthur Saltzman American Magic and Dread (2000)Mark Osteen's book on DeLillo, American Magic and Dread: Don DeLillo's Dialogue with Culture, was published by the University of Pennsylvania Press in June, 2000. The book examines DeLillo's work from some of the early stories thru Underworld.Modern Fiction Studies (1999)Modern Fiction Studies special issue on DeLillo (Vol 45, No. 3, Fall 1999), includes 10 essays, including work from such friends of the site as Phil Nel, Mark Osteen and Jeremy Green.Undercurrent (1999)In May 1999 an all-DeLillo issue of Erick Heroux's online journal Undercurrent appeared (Number 7). It co ntains the following essays:â€Å"Celebration & Annihilation: The Balance of Underworld† by Jesse Kavadlo â€Å"DeLillo's Underworld: Everything that Descends Must Converge† by Robert Castle â€Å"The Inner Workings: Techno-science & Self in Underworld† by Jennifer Pincott â€Å"American Simulacra: DeLillo in Light of Postmodernism† by Scott Rettberg â€Å"Baudrillard's Primitivism & White Noise: ‘The only avant-garde we've got'† by Bradley Butterfield â€Å"Beyond Baudrillard's Simulacral Postmodern World:White Noise† by Haidar Eid Postmodern Culture (1994)The January, 1994 issue of Postmodern Culture featured the DeLillo Cluster, four essays all dealing with DeLillo edited by Glen Scott Allen and Stephen Bernstein.Glen Scott Allen, â€Å"Raids on the Conscious: Pynchon's Legacy of Paranoia and the Terrorism of Uncertainty in Don DeLillo's Ratner's Star† Peter Baker, â€Å"The Terrorist as Interpreter: Mao II in Postmodern Con text† Stephen Bernstein, â€Å"Libra and the Historical Sublime†Bill Millard, â€Å"The Fable of the Ants: Myopic Interactions in DeLillo's Libra†Don DeLillo (1993)Don DeLillo is a book by Douglas Keesey, a part of the Twayne's U.S. Authors  Series, published by Macmillan, 1993, 228 pages. This book has a chapter on each novel, as well as brief summaries of the stories and plays.Keesey's reading of DeLillo's work is that his novels â€Å"engage in the intensive study of media representations of reality that threaten to distance us from nature and from ourselves.† Thus he links Americana to film, End Zone to language, etc.I found the chapter on Americana quite interesting, as Keesey rebuts those critics who categorized this book as a typical first novel, poorly constructed and lacking charcter development. He argues that on closer examination DeLillo is clearly in control of the book's structure and characters, having made â€Å"fully conscious aesthetic choices.†I tried to get this book through a store, but they couldn't get it, so I ended up buying direct – call 1 800 323 7445 to order.There's an article by Keesey in Pynchon Notes 32-33 entitled â€Å"The Ideology of Detection in Pynchon and DeLillo†.Introducing Don DeLillo (1991)Edited by Frank Lentricchia, 1991. Published by Duke University Press, 221 pages. Lentricchia is the editor of South Atlantic Quarterly and Professor of English at Duke.The book consists of 12 articles:â€Å"The American Writer as Bad Citizen† by Frank Lentricchiaâ€Å"Opposites,† Chapter 10 of Ratner's Star by Don DeLillo  Ã¢â‚¬Å"An Outsider in This Society†: An Interview with Don DeLillo by Anthony DeCurtis (an expanded version of the November 1988 Rolling Stone interview)â€Å"How to Read Don DeLillo† by Daniel Aaron  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Clinging to the Rock: A Novelist's Choices in the New Mediocracy† by Hal Crowther â€Å"Postmodern Romance: Don DeLillo a nd the Age of Conspiracy† by John  A. McClure â€Å"Some Speculations on Don DeLillo and the Cinematic Real† by Eugene Goodheart â€Å"The Product: Bucky Wunderlick, Rock ‘n Roll, and Don DeLillo's Great Jones Street† by Anthony DeCurtis â€Å"Don DeLillo's Perfect Starry Night† by Charles Molesworthâ€Å"Alphabetic Pleasures: The Names† by Dennis A. Foster â€Å"The Last Things Before the Last: Notes on White Noise† by John Frow â€Å"Libra as Postmodern Critique† by Frank Lentricchia More on Frank and Don†¦Jason Camlot delivered an interesting address entitled ‘Frank Lentricchia's Don DeLillo: â€Å"Introducing†, Postmodern Modernism and the Academic Fear of Death' which was given at University of Oregon, May 1993. I am happy to say that this work is now back on the web, hosted here at Don DeLillo's America.Here's a taste:What, then, can be said to make Lentricchia's work as a critic equally relevant and eff ective? In a most obvious sense, it is the position he assumes in relation to the important author that he is introducing that works to establish his own importance. Don Delillo was already a popular author soon after 1985, and by this time he was becoming a significant object of academic attention as well, but these two facts had little bearing on one another, but rather were two distinct phenomena. At least this is what Lentricchia's role as editor and introducer seems to suggest. It is as if the true social significance of Delillo could not exist until a critic such as Lentricchia recognized it, patented it, in a way, by introducing Delillo as the last of the modernists in the postmodern era.New Essays on White Noise (1991)This is a short book of critical essays on White Noise, which is also edited by Lentricchia, published by Cambridge University Press in 1991 (115 pages).The book has five essays:â€Å"Introduction† by Frank Lentricchia â€Å"Whole Families Shopping at N ight!† by Thomas J. Ferraro â€Å"Adolf, We Hardly Knew You† by Paul A. Cantor â€Å"Lust Removed from Nature† by Michael Valdez Moses â€Å"Tales of the Electronic Tribe† by Frank Lentricchia Here's more info on the book.In the Loop – Don DeLillo and the Systems Novel (1987)By Tom LeClair, 1987. Published by University of Illinois Press, 244 pages. LeClair is Professor of English at University of Cincinnati. This is a look at all of DeLillo's novels (through White Noise) in the context of the â€Å"systems novel†. Includes a complete DeLillo bibliography.First Epigraph: â€Å"Somebody ought to make a list of books that seem to bend back on themselves. I think Malcolm Lowry saw Under the Volcano as a wheel-like structure. And in Finnegans Wake we're meant to go from the last page to the first. In different ways I've done this myself.† — Don DeLillo, â€Å"Interview,† Anything Can HappenFrom the Preface:In the Loop also de scribes the situation of the reader who has already entered a Don DeLillo novel, as my first epigraph suggests. DeLillo consistently creates polarized structures–of genre, situation, character, language, tone–that double the novel back upon itself, questioning its generic codes, its beginnings and development, its creator's position toward it, his relation with the reader, who becomes self-conscious, reflective about both his reading and himself, a mobius-stripping away of assumptions about the forms that DeLillo uses, the charged subjects he encircles with his reversals, and the act of reading from beginning to end.Here's the text of a lecture LeClair gave in March 1993 entitled â€Å"Me and Mao  II†.Other Books with DeLillo in the TitleCivello, Paul. American Literary Naturalism and its Twentieth-century Transformations: Frank Norris, Ernest Hemingway, Don DeLillo. (University of Georgia Press, 1994, 208 pages). Chapters 8-10 deal with DeLillo, End Zone and Libra in particular.Hantke, Steffen. Conspiracy and Paranoia in Contemporary American Fiction: The works of Don DeLillo and Joseph McElroy (Peter Lang, 1994).Weinstein, Arnold. Nobody's Home: Speech, Self, and Place in American Fiction From Hawthorne to DeLillo (Oxford University Press, 1993, 349 pages). Chapter 14 is â€Å"Don DeLillo: Rendering the Words of the Tribe† pages 288-315.Back to DeLillo's America Last updated: 06-SEP-2010 Send in some news!

Criminal Thinking Patterns Essay Example

Criminal Thinking Patterns Essay Example Criminal Thinking Patterns Paper Criminal Thinking Patterns Paper A) There are many theories which psychologists have found to help explain and understand criminal thinking patterns. The information Processing Approach or the rational choice theory proposes hat criminals think about their actions and do a cost and reward analysis. Van Den Haag suggests that there is no difference between the decision to become a dentist and the decision to commit rape or mugging. An individual weighs up the advantages of that course of action (money for example) and takes away the cost of achieving it (possibly going to jail or, in the case of becoming a dentist, many years of hard study). If the beliefs outweigh the cost regarding an action, the individual will engage in it. Rational choice theories strongly believe that individuals have free will over their decisions. The Cognitive Dysfunction theory suggests that criminals think in different ways. These criminals are said to commit crime because of thinking errors. Yolchelson et al identified categories for these thinking errors. The first is criminal thinking patterns, these are characterised by both fear and a need for power and control. The second is Automatic thinking errors; these include a lack of empathy and trust, failure to accept obligations and a secretive communication style. The last was Crime related thinking errors these include optimistic fantasising about specific criminal acts with no regard for deterrent factors. The atypical Moral Development theory suggests that criminals have lower levels of cognitive development. Kohlberg suggests that there are three stages of development on moral reasoning. The first is Pre-conventional; this is basic thinking and instinct. The second is Conventional, this means that you do accept things but do start to think of the consequences. The last is Post-conventional, this means that you fully understand and accept things but must follow your conscience. Psychologists have also found other factors associated with crime which has been classed as individual differences. Some criminals may have lack of empathy meaning that they do not understand others feelings in situations. Also Impulsivity is recognised as a factor as criminals may act on impulses, rather than thinking through their actions. Another theory based on other factors is the Attributation theory, this is where the criminal describes the crime as a motive for example, they spilled their drink on me deliberately so I hit them, where as the case may be that it was accidental. B) There are many evaluative issues regarding the theories on criminal thinking patterns. The strengths of rational choice theory are that it strongly believes that the individuals have free will and that it is supported by the work of Van Den Haag (1982). The criticism of the theory is that not all criminal decisions are rational this is supported by Crawford et al. Also, the theory does not take into account the mind of the criminal as if the criminal is intoxicated or suffering from a mental disorder they may not be thinking rationally. The theory also presumes that the criminal will have accurate information to do the cost award analysis, for example criminals may not know the true sentence length for a crime. The theory suggests that all criminals do the same cost reward analysis for crimes but more experienced criminals will have a different perception of the cost and rewards than someone less experienced. Although the theory has been supported by Van Den Haag there are many cr iticisms. The strengths of the Cognitive Dysfunction theories is that the theory is supported by Yolchelson and Samehow who found that non criminals were more intelligent than criminals and that criminals chose to do crimes due to thinking errors. Although the study is supported by Yolchelson and Samehow, Wulach (98) suggests that they only describe psychopaths and so their theory cannot be regarded as a general theory of crime. The strength of Atypical Moral Development theory is that within their study the stories were directly translated in other countries so a better generalisation can be made to the population. The theory also explains moral reasoning. Within the study the answers were based on a story, not in real life. This lowers the ecological validity and also increases demand characteristics as participants are likely to give socially desirable answers. The sample used consisted of males and so cannot be generalised to females. Another criticism of the theory is that morals are not genetic, but the result of socialisation so there will be differences between sexes. In evaluation of the other factors associated with crime, a strength is that the theories explain behaviour in more detail in specific points e.g.-motives. Also, it takes into more factors than the other theories on criminal thinking patterns. This theory has also introduced cognitive restructuring to therapy techniques. A criticism of the theory is that it does not take into account biological and social explanations. C) In terms of criminal thinking patterns there are many ways in which psychologists would explain the occurrence of a crime. Using the rational choice theory psychologists suggest that a criminal would complete a cost reward analysis. Using the example of armed robbery, the criminal would create a mental list of the costs of the crime i.e. being caught, jail sentence, injury etc. They would also create a mental list of the rewards of the crime i.e. money, power, control etc. They would then weigh up the cost and rewards and if there were more rewards than costs they would choose to commit the crime. Another way in which psychologist could explain criminal thinking patterns of crimes is by using cognitive dysfunction theory. This theory suggests that criminals think in different ways and have thinking errors. Using the example of armed robbery, the criminal may suffer from automatic thinking errors meaning that they have a lack of empathy and trust, failure to accept obligations and responsibilities and a secretive communication style. This could mean that the criminal chose to commit the crime because he had a lack of empathy and so did not understand what the victims would feel. Also they may have failure to accept obligations and may feel that they do not need to work.

Book Chapter Why Customization in the SAT Is Key

Book Chapter Why Customization in the SAT Is Key SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The final strategy from our book, The Insider's Guide to the SAT, is customization. This is the final pillar that willtie all of our strategies together. Why is customization so important? You have different strengths and weaknesses from other students. You have different goals. This means you need to prep in a way that’s customized to you. Just think about yourself compared to other students at your school. You might have gotten better grades in math than in English, or vice versa. Every student has different skills. It’s unlikely that any other student has the exact same skills as you. Therefore, every student needs a different study plan for the SAT. Here’s the problem: manyprep methods out there treat all students exactly the same. Books give the same strategies and lessons to every reader, and students read the book cover to cover in the same way. Expensive classes from big-name companies put 20 students into the same classroom and drag everyone through the same lectures. (Let’s put aside the fact that they hire inexperienced people fresh out of college.) The way to solve this problem is to ensure whatever study method you choose is customized. Ask your program, what real steps are they taking to customize the study for you? If you use a book, don't simply read it from cover to cover. Read more about how you can achieve customizationfrom the rest of our book, and get more tips from our SAT Guide to 160+ Points: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dr. Fred Zhang About the Author Fred is co-founder of PrepScholar. He scored a perfect score on the SAT and is passionate about sharing information with aspiring students. Fred graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor's in Mathematics and a PhD in Economics. 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Human Growth and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Human Growth and Development - Essay Example Freud described child development as a range of psychosexual stages. Freud outlined these psychosexual stages of development as â€Å"oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital† (Cherry, 2013). The pleasure-seeking energies get focused upon certain erogenous areas. This libido serves drives the individual’s behavior. Sigmund Freud considered that the personality of an individual is established mostly as he/she reaches the age of five years. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development theory is also a very popular theory of personality in the field of psychology. According to Erikson, personality of an individual develops in stages. While Freud’s theory throws light upon the psychosexual aspects and experiences, Erikson’s theory highlights the significance of social experiences that an individual has at different stages in life. Both theories are commonly based on the assumption that the experiences that an individual has during the early stages of develop ment influences his/her life in the later stages (Davis and Clifton, 1995). The first unfortunate thing that happened in the life of Eridanus was the hospitalization of Philadelphia for several weeks. The first year of life is the stage of infancy during which the individual learns most of the things in life in general and develops a fair understanding of the relationships and their importance in particular. However, in order for an infant to achieve this successfully, it is imperative that he/she is given due attention and love of both parents and other relatives. Eridanus was too unfortunate to have the attention of his parents during infancy as a result of which, he was frustrated. This reflects from the fact that Eridanus became clingy with Philadelphia and her absence easily distressed him but Philadelphia had to struggle very hard to give her husband and son the attention that each of the two